Part+One

= Gene Cloning with Bacterial Plasmids (Genetic Engineering) =

[[image:plasmid_insertion.gif width="306" height="366" align="right"]]
===to another. A plasmid is a small circular, double-stranded piece of DNA that replicates within a cell. A prokaryotic cell in gene cloning is called a host cell.The gene of interest is a specific gene from another organism that can be inserted into a plasmid. The vector is what carries the DNA fragment into the host cell. ===

===ANALYZE IT: Genetic engineering uses recombinant DNA techniques, excising genes from DNA, using restriction enzymes, and using DNA ligase. Construction of plasmid elements that are very useful as gene cloning vehicles in E. Coli and other gram-negative bacteria. ===

===APPLY IT: Genetic engineering can be used to find out more about where organisms come from. It also makes it easier to study the proteins they encode. In medicine genetic engineering can be used to isolate a virus and cut it out. ===

===ARGUE FOR OR AGAINST IT: I think genetic engineering is very useful because it can play very important rolls in medicine, such as insulin and human growth hormones. Another reason genetic engineering is useful is because it can be used for biological research to produce many molecular tools to study genes. One other reason genetic engineering is helpful is because you can use it to find out where certain organisms have came from. ===

http://bass.bio.uci.edu/~hudel/bs99a/lecture28/plasmid.gif
= = =** Nucleic Acid Hybridization **=

=== DESCRIBE IT: This is when single-stranded nucleic acids come together by hydrogen bonding of complementary bases to form double-stranded molecules. It the degree of sequence identity between nucleic acids that can be determined and specific sequences are then detected in them. Hybridization can be carried out in solution or with one component. Hybridizations are done in all ===

=== ANALYZE IT: Scientists use Nucleic Acid Hybridization to try and make a superior stand of DNA. They take out any mutations in the DNA by replacing it with another stand of DNA or a stand of RNA. This process is the basis for molecular biological techniques in which a labeled probe sequence is used to detect identical or similar sequence. ===

=== APPLY IT: This can be used if a person has a serious disease (such as sickle cell anemia). It can also be used to detect and characterize nucleotide sequences using a particular nucleotide sequence as a probe. ===

=== SYNTHESIZE: Nucleic Acid Hybridization can be compared to playing hide and seek with genes instead of people. The replicated strand will be glowing. The seekers (genes) are trying to find the hiders with the glow sticks, just like scientists trying to find the genes. The scientists can find these certain genes much faster. ===

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/nucleic.php
= Genomic Library =

are kept in liquids and they can be frozen. [[image:10_23_genomic_library.jpg width="546" height="406" align="right"]]
===ANALYZE IT: The steps of creating a genomic library is first, isolating the chromosomal DNA, second, Fragmentation of DNA, and finally, isolating and ligating the DNA fragment. The genomic library are transformed host cells. These are individual organisms that store plasmids or chromosomes. === ===APPLY IT: In a genomic library you can make copies of the plasmids, then store them so they can be sent to other people such as scientists for research. The scientists will have to buy the bacteria. Genomic libraries can be used to identify and tag specific amino acid sequences. Also it can be used to learn more about the genomic structure and its functions. === ===SYNTHESIZE IT: The genomic library makes me think of a public library because books are kept in the library and people can come and get the books whenever they want to. It is the same with the genomic library because the plasmids can be saved and other scientists can use it for experiment. === ===ARGUE FOR OR AGAINST IT: I think genomic libraries are a positive thing because the plasmids or chromosomes can be saved by being frozen and then other scientists can use the plasmids or chromosomes. Another advantages are that cohesive DNA ends are used for efficient ligation. ===

= Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) =

===DESCRIBE IT: This reaction is also part of the gene sequencing process. PCR is a genetic technique that makes multiple copies of genes. Gene copies are made using a sample of DNA and with technology, its good enough to make millions of copies. This allows for detection and identification of gene sequences using different ways based on the size ===

===ANALYZE IT: When amplifying a segment of DNA using PCR, the sample is first heated so the DNA separates into two pieces of single-stranded DNA. An enzyme called "Taq polymerase" builds two new strands of DNA, using the original strands as templates. This process results in the duplication of the original DNA. Each of these strands can then be used to create two new copies. The cycle of denaturing and synthesizing new DNA is repeated as many as 30 or 40 times, leading to more than one billion exact copies of the original DNA segment. === ===APPLY IT: Once this reaction is amplified, the DNA that is produced by PCR can be used in many different laboratory procedures. Most mapping techniques in the Human Genome Project rely of PCR. It is also emerging in newly techniques like DNA fingerprinting, detection of bacteria or viruses, and diagnosis of genetic disorders. ===

===ARGUE FOR OR AGAINST IT: I think PCR is very useful because it lets researchers make millions of copies of DNA sequences quickly, instead of using bacteria. ===